1. The starter does not turn on. Causes: faulty contact connections, break or short circuit in the starter circuits, faulty traction relay.
2. When the starter is turned on, multiple clicks are heard. Causes: faulty holding winding of the traction relay, very discharged battery, loose contact connections in the starter circuit.
3. The starter turns on, but its anchor either does not rotate or rotates slowly. Causes: discharged battery, broken contact connections, burnt contacts of the traction relay, dirty collector or worn brushes, interturn or short circuit in the windings.
4. The starter engages, its anchor rotates, but the flywheel remains stationary. Causes: loosening of the starter fastening to the clutch housing, damage to the flywheel teeth or drive gear, slippage of the freewheel clutch, breakage of the lever, drive ring or buffer spring of the starter drive.
5. The starter does not turn off after starting the engine. Causes: malfunction of the starter freewheel clutch, sintering of the traction relay contacts. In case of such a malfunction, stop the engine immediately!
The above faults require qualified intervention at a car service center or upon arrival at the garage (see section. "Electrical equipment"). You can only check the battery discharge level in advance using a voltmeter (for example, as part of an autotester) and tightening the contact connections in the starter circuit.